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<title>Meriwether Lewis</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Meriwether Lewis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="Charles_Wilson_Peale" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wilson Peale">Charles Wilson Peale</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1807</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd Governor of the <a href="Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>March 3, 1807 – October 11, 1809</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Benjamin_Howard_(Missouri_politician)" title="Benjamin Howard (Missouri politician)">Benjamin Howard</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commander of the <a href="Corps_of_Discovery" title="Corps of Discovery">Corps of Discovery</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>1803–1806</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Corps commissioned</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Corps disbanded</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Secretary_to_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Secretary to the President of the United States">Private Secretary to the President</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>1801–1803</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="William_Smith_Shaw" title="William Smith Shaw">William Smith Shaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lewis Harvie</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1774-08-18</span>)</span>August 18, 1774<br>Locust Hill Plantation, <a href="Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle County</a>, <a href="Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(now <a href="Ivy%2C_Virginia" title="Ivy, Virginia">Ivy, Virginia</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 11, 1809<span style="display:none">(1809-10-11)</span> (aged 35)<br><a href="Hickman_County%2C_Tennessee" title="Hickman County, Tennessee">Hickman County, Tennessee</a>, U.S. <span style="font-size: 85%;">(now near <a href="Hohenwald%2C_Tennessee" title="Hohenwald, Tennessee">Hohenwald, Tennessee</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Gunshot_Wound" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunshot Wound">Gunshot wounds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Explorer, soldier, politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Virginia <br> United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Virginia_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Militia">Virginia Militia</a> <br> <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1794 (Virginia Militia) <br> 1795–1807 (Regular Army)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Captain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Legion of the United States">Legion of the United States</a><br><a href="3rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)">1st United States Infantry Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Corps_of_Discovery" title="Corps of Discovery">Corps of Discovery</a>; see above.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Meriwether Lewis</b> (August 18, 1774 – October 11, 1809) was an American explorer, soldier, politician, and public administrator, best known for his role as the leader of the <a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>, also known as the <a href="Corps_of_Discovery" title="Corps of Discovery">Corps of Discovery</a>, with <a href="William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a>.

Their mission was to explore the territory of the <a href="Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, establish trade with, and <a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over the natives near the <a href="Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, and claim the <a href="Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and <a href="Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> for the United States before European nations. They also collected scientific data and information on indigenous nations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> appointed him Governor of <a href="Upper_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Louisiana">Upper Louisiana</a> in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1809 of gunshot wounds, in what was either a murder or suicide.

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<p>Meriwether Lewis was born August 18, 1774,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Locust Hill Plantation in <a href="Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle County</a>, <a href="Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, in the present-day community of <a href="Ivy%2C_Virginia" title="Ivy, Virginia">Ivy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of William Lewis,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Welsh ancestry, and Lucy Meriwether,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of English ancestry. After his father died of pneumonia in November 1779, he moved with his mother and stepfather Captain John Marks to <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mont_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mont-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They settled along the <a href="Broad_River_(Georgia)" title="Broad River (Georgia)">Broad River</a> in the Goosepond Community within the Broad River Valley in Wilkes County (now <a href="Oglethorpe_County%2C_Georgia" title="Oglethorpe County, Georgia">Oglethorpe County</a>). He was also the great-great-grandson of <a href="David_Crawford_(colonel)" title="David Crawford (colonel)">David Crawford</a>, a prominent Virginia Burgess and militia colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Lewis had no formal education until he was 13 years old, but during his time in Georgia, he enhanced his skills as a hunter and outdoorsman. He would often venture out in the middle of the night in the dead of winter with only his dog to go hunting. Even at an early age, he was interested in natural history, which would develop into a lifelong passion. His mother taught him how to gather wild herbs for medicinal purposes.

</p><p>In the Broad River Valley, Lewis first dealt with Native Americans. This was the traditional territory of the <a href="Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, who resented encroachment by the colonists. Lewis seems to have been a champion for them among his own people. While in Georgia, he met Eric Parker, who encouraged him to travel. At age 13, Lewis was sent back to Virginia for education by private tutors. His father's older brother Nicholas Lewis became his guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-Mont_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mont-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>He joined the <a href="Virginia_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a>, and in 1794 he was sent as part of a detachment that was involved in putting down the <a href="Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>. In 1795, Lewis joined the <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, commissioned as an ensign—an army rank later abolished and equivalent to a modern-day second lieutenant. By 1800, he had risen to captain and ended his service there in 1801. Among his commanding officers was <a href="William_Clark_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clark (explorer)">William Clark</a>, who would later become his companion in the Corps of Discovery.

</p><p>On April 1, 1801, Lewis was appointed as <a href="Secretary_to_the_President_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary to the President (US)">Secretary to the President</a> by President <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, whom he knew through Virginia society in <a href="Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle County</a>. Lewis resided in the presidential mansion and frequently conversed with various prominent figures in politics, the arts and other circles.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compiled information on the personnel and politics of the United States Army, which had seen an influx of <a href="Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> officers as a result of "<a href="Judiciary_Act_of_1801" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary Act of 1801">midnight appointments</a>" made by outgoing president <a href="John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meriwether was elected a member of the <a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When Jefferson began to plan for an expedition across the continent, he chose Lewis to lead the expedition. Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, then aged 33, to share command of the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_west">Expedition west</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></div>

<p>After the <a href="Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803, Thomas Jefferson wanted to get an accurate sense of the new land and its resources. The president also hoped to find a "direct and practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce with Asia".<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Jefferson placed special importance on declaring U.S. sovereignty over the Native Americans along the Missouri River.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The two-year exploration by Lewis and Clark was the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast by the United States. They reached the Pacific twelve years after <a href="Sir_Alexander_Mackenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Mackenzie">Sir Alexander Mackenzie</a> did overland in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they left <a href="Fort_Mandan" title="Fort Mandan">Fort Mandan</a> in April 1805 they were accompanied by the 16-year-old <a href="Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a> woman, <a href="Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a>, the wife of the French-Canadian fur trader, <a href="Toussaint_Charbonneau" title="Toussaint Charbonneau">Toussaint Charbonneau</a>. The Corps of Discovery made contact with many Native Americans in the Trans-Mississippi West and found them accustomed to dealing with European traders and already connected to global markets.

</p><p>After crossing the Rocky Mountains, the expedition reached the <a href="Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> (which was disputed land beyond the Louisiana Purchase) and the Pacific Ocean in November 1805. They returned in 1806, bringing with them an immense amount of information about the region as well as numerous plant and animal specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_Expedition_2004,_pg_60_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_Expedition_2004,_pg_60-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They demonstrated the possibility of overland travel to the Pacific Coast. The success of their journey helped to strengthen the American concept of "<a href="Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>" – the idea that the United States was destined to reach across North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_and_gubernatorial_duties">Return and gubernatorial duties</h3></div>

<p>After returning from the expedition, Lewis received a reward of 1,600 acres (6.5 km<sup>2</sup>) of land. He also initially made arrangements to publish the Corps of Discovery journals, but had difficulty completing his writing. In 1807, Jefferson appointed him governor of the <a href="Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a>; he settled in <a href="St._Louis%2C_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>.

</p><p>Lewis's record as an administrator is mixed. He published the first laws in the Upper Louisiana Territory, established roads, and furthered Jefferson's mission as a strong proponent of the <a href="Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. He negotiated peace among several quarreling Indian tribes. His duty to enforce Indian treaties was to protect the western Indian lands from encroachment,<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was opposed by the rush of settlers looking to open new lands for settlements. However, due to his quarreling with local political leaders, controversy over his approvals of trading licenses, land grant politics, and Indian depredations, some historians have argued that Lewis was a poor administrator.

</p><p>That view has been reconsidered in recent biographies. Lewis's primary quarrels were with his territorial secretary <a href="Frederick_Bates_(politician)" title="Frederick Bates (politician)">Frederick Bates</a>. Bates was accused of undermining Lewis and seeking his dismissal and appointment as governor. Because of the slow-moving mail system, former president Jefferson and Lewis's superiors in Washington got the impression that Lewis did not adequately keep in touch with them.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Bates wrote letters to Lewis's superiors accusing Lewis of profiting from a mission to return a Mandan chief to his tribe. Because of Bates' accusation, the <a href="United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> refused to reimburse Lewis for a large sum he personally advanced for the mission. When Lewis's creditors heard that Lewis would not be reimbursed for the expenses, they called in Lewis's notes, forcing him to liquidate his assets, including land he was granted for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. One of the primary reasons Lewis set out for Washington on this final trip was to clear up questions raised by Bates and to seek reimbursement of the money he had advanced for the territorial government.

</p><p>The U.S. government finally reimbursed the expenses to Lewis's estate two years after his death. Bates eventually became governor of Missouri. However, some historians have speculated that Lewis abused alcohol or opiates based upon an account attributed to <a href="Gilbert_C._Russell" title="Gilbert C. Russell">Gilbert C. Russell</a> at Fort Pickering on Lewis's final journey,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that Bates never alleged that Lewis suffered from such addictions and that Bates certainly would have used them against Lewis if Lewis suffered from those conditions.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h3></div>

<p><i>See <a href="List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Notable Freemasons</a></i>

</p><p>Lewis was a <a href="Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>, initiated, passed, and raised in the "Door To Virtue Lodge No. 44" in Albemarle, Virginia, between 1796 and 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 2, 1808, Lewis and several of his acquaintances submitted a petition to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania requesting dispensation to establish a lodge in St. Louis. Lewis was nominated and recommended to serve as the first Master of the proposed Lodge, which was warranted as Lodge No. 111 on September 16, 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lewis_and_slavery">Lewis and slavery</h3></div>

<p>Although Lewis attempted to supervise enslaved people while running his mother's plantation before the westward expedition, he left that post and had no <a href="Valet" title="Valet">valet</a> during the expedition, unlike William Clark, who brought his slave <a href="York_(explorer)" title="York (explorer)">York</a>. Lewis made assignments to York but allowed Clark to supervise him; Lewis also granted York and Sacagawea votes during expedition meetings. Later, Lewis hired a <a href="Free_African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Free African-American">free African-American</a> man as his valet, John Pernia. Pernia accompanied Lewis during his final journey, although his wages were considerably in arrears. After Lewis's death, Pernia continued to <a href="Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> and asked Jefferson to pay the $240 owed, but he was refused. Pernia later committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div>

<p>On September 3, 1809, Lewis set out for <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>. He hoped to resolve issues regarding the denied payment of drafts he had drawn against the War Department while serving as governor of the <a href="Upper_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Louisiana">Upper Louisiana</a> Territory, leaving him in potentially ruinous debt. Lewis carried his journals with him for delivery to his publisher. He intended to travel to Washington by ship from New Orleans, but changed his plans while floating down the <a href="Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> from <a href="St._Louis%2C_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>. He disembarked and decided instead to make an overland journey via the <a href="Natchez_Trace" title="Natchez Trace">Natchez Trace</a> and then east to Washington (the Natchez Trace was the old pioneer road between <a href="Natchez%2C_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>, Mississippi, and <a href="Nashville%2C_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, Tennessee). Robbers preyed on travelers on that road and sometimes killed their victims.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis had written his will before his journey and also attempted <a href="Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> on this journey, but was restrained.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumstances">Circumstances</h3></div>

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<p>According to a lost letter from October 19, 1809, to <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, Lewis stopped at an inn on the Natchez Trace called <a href="Grinder's_Stand" title="Grinder's Stand">Grinder's Stand</a>, about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Nashville on October 10. After dinner, he retired to his one-room cabin. In the predawn hours of October 11, the innkeeper's wife, <a href="Grinder's_Stand" title="Grinder's Stand">Priscilla Griner</a>, heard gunshots. Servants found Lewis badly injured from multiple gunshot wounds, one each to the head and gut. He bled out on his buffalo hide robe and died shortly after sunrise. The Nashville <i>Democratic Clarion</i> published the account, which newspapers across the country repeated and embellished. The Nashville newspaper also reported that Lewis's throat was cut.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Money that Lewis had borrowed from Major Gilbert Russell at <a href="Fort_Pickering_(Memphis%2C_Tennessee)" title="Fort Pickering (Memphis, Tennessee)">Fort Pickering</a> to complete the journey was missing.

</p><p>While Jefferson and some modern historians have generally accepted Lewis's death as a suicide, debate continues. No one reported seeing Lewis shoot himself; three inconsistent, somewhat contemporary accounts are attributed to Mrs. Griner, who left no written account or testimony. Some thus believe her testimony was fabricated, while others point to it as proof of suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuice200635_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuice200635-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mrs. Griner claimed Lewis acted strangely the night before his death: standing and pacing during dinner and talking to himself in the way one would speak to a lawyer, with face flushed as if it had come on him in a fit. She continued to hear him talking to himself after he retired, and then at some point in the night, she heard multiple gunshots, a scuffle, and someone calling for help.

</p><p>She claimed to see Lewis through the slit in the door crawling back to his room. She did not explain why she stopped investigating then or decided to send her children to look for his servants the following day. Another account claims the servants found him in the cabin, wounded and bloody, with part of his skull gone, where he lived for several hours. In her last account, three men followed him up the Natchez Trace, where he pulled his pistols and challenged them to a duel. She heard voices and gunfire in his cabin at about 1:00 am. She then found it empty with a large amount of gunpowder on the floor.

</p><p>Lewis's relatives maintained it was murder. A coroner's inquest held immediately after his death, as provided by local law, did not charge anyone with any crime.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jury foreman kept a pocket diary of the proceedings, which disappeared in the early 1900s. When <a href="William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a> and Jefferson were informed of Lewis's death, both accepted the conclusion of suicide. Based on their positions and the lost Lewis letter of mid-September 1809, historian <a href="Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a> dismissed the murder theory as "not convincing".<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_analysis">Later analysis</h3></div>

<p>The only doctor to examine Lewis's body did not do so until 39 years later, in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuice200688_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuice200688-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tennessee State Commission, including <a href="Samuel_B._Moore" title="Samuel B. Moore">Samuel B. Moore</a>, charged with locating Lewis's grave and erecting a monument over it, opened Lewis's grave. The commission wrote in its official report that though the impression had long prevailed that Lewis died by his own hand, "it seems to be more probable that he died by the hands of an assassin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuice2006129_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuice2006129-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book <i>The History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition</i>, first printed in 1893, the editor <a href="Elliott_Coues" title="Elliott Coues">Elliott Coues</a> expressed doubt about Thomas Jefferson's conclusion that Lewis committed suicide, despite including the former president's <i>Memoir of Meriwether Lewis</i> in his book.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>From 1993 to 2010, about 200 of Lewis's kin (through his sister Jane, as he had no children) sought to have the body exhumed for <a href="Forensic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic analysis">forensic analysis</a>, to try to determine whether his death was a suicide or murder. A Tennessee coroner's jury in 1996 recommended exhumation. Since his gravesite is in a national monument, the <a href="National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> must approve. The agency refused the request in 1998, citing possible disturbance to the bodies of more than 100 pioneers buried nearby. In 2008, the <a href="Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> approved the exhumation, but rescinded that decision in 2010, stating that the decision is final. It is nonetheless improving the gravesite and visitor facility.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Historian <a href="Paul_Russell_Cutright" title="Paul Russell Cutright">Paul Russell Cutright</a> wrote a detailed rebuttal of the murder/robbery theory, concluding that it "lacks legs to stand on".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutright1986_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutright1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stressed Lewis's debts, heavy drinking, possible morphine and opium use, failure to prepare the expedition's journals for publication, repeated failure to find a wife, and the deterioration of his friendship with Thomas Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutright1986_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutright1986-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This refutation was countered by Dr. Eldon G. Chuinard, (physician), who argued for the murder hypothesis on the basis that Lewis's reported wounds were inconsistent with his reported two-hour survival after the shooting. This particular medical theory as well as other medical/psychological theories often cited by numerous Lewis authors (syphilis, malaria, alcohol abuse, mercury poisoning, PTSD, depression, et al.), have been explored by Dr. David J. Peck (physician) and Marti Peck, Ph.D. (psychologist) in their book <i>So Hard to Die</i>. Leading Lewis scholars Donald Jackson, Jay H. Buckley, Clay S. Jenkinson, and others have stated that, regardless of their leanings or beliefs, the facts of his death are not known, there are no eyewitnesses, and the reliability of reports of those in the place or vicinity cannot be considered certain. Author Peter Stark believes that <a href="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> may have been a contributor to Meriwether Lewis's condition after spending months traversing hostile Indian territory, particularly because travelers coming afterward exhibited the same symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2014247_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2014247-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to research from author Thomas Danisi, Lewis's self-inflicted gunshot wounds were not the result of murder or attempted suicide, but a combination of a severe malarial attack, a deranged state of mind, and intense pain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2></div>

<p>Lewis was buried near his place of death in present-day <a href="Hohenwald%2C_Tennessee" title="Hohenwald, Tennessee">Hohenwald</a>. His grave was located about 200 yards from <a href="Grinder's_Stand" title="Grinder's Stand">Grinder's Stand</a>, alongside the <a href="Natchez_Trace" title="Natchez Trace">Natchez Trace</a> (that section of the 1801 Natchez Trace was built by the U.S. Army under the direction of Lewis's mentor, Thomas Jefferson, during Lewis's lifetime).

</p><p>At first, the grave was unmarked. Alexander Wilson, an ornithologist and friend of Lewis who visited the grave in May 1810 during a trip to New Orleans to sell his drawings, wrote that he gave the innkeeper Robert Griner money to erect a fence around the grave to protect it from animals.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The State of Tennessee erected a monument over Lewis's grave in 1848. Lemuel Kirby, a stonemason from <a href="Columbia%2C_Tennessee" title="Columbia, Tennessee">Columbia</a>, Tennessee, chose the design of a broken column, commonly used at the time to symbolize a life cut short.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An iron fence erected around the base of the monument was partially dismantled during the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> by Confederate detachments under General <a href="John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a> marching from Shiloh toward Franklin; they forged the iron into horseshoes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A September 1905 article in <i>Everybody's Magazine</i> called attention to Lewis's abandoned and overgrown grave.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A county road worker, Teen Cothran, initiated opening a road to the cemetery. A local Tennessee Meriwether Lewis Monument Committee was soon formed to push for restoring Lewis's gravesite. In 1925, in response to the committee's work, President <a href="Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> designated Lewis's grave as the fifth National Monument in the South.

</p><p>In 2009, the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation organized a commemoration for Lewis in conjunction with their 41st annual meeting from October 3–7, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included the first national memorial service at his gravesite. On October 7, 2009, near the 200th anniversary of Lewis's death, about 2,500 people (National Park Service estimate) from more than 25 states gathered at his grave to acknowledge Lewis's life and achievements. Speakers included William Clark's descendant Peyton "Bud" Clark, Lewis's collateral descendants Howell Bowen and Tom McSwain, and Stephanie Ambrose Tubbs (daughter of <a href="Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a>, who wrote <i><a href="Undaunted_Courage" title="Undaunted Courage">Undaunted Courage</a></i>, an award-winning book about the Lewis and Clark Expedition). A bronze bust of Lewis was dedicated at the Natchez Trace Parkway for a planned visitor center at the gravesite. The District of Columbia and governors of 20 states associated with the Lewis and Clark Trail sent flags flown over state capital buildings to be carried to Lewis's grave by residents of the states, acknowledging the significance of Lewis's contribution to the creation of their states.<sup id="cite_ref-We_Proceeded_On_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-We_Proceeded_On-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The 2009 ceremony at Lewis's grave was the final bicentennial event honoring the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Re-enactors from the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial participated, and official attendees included representatives from Jefferson's Monticello. Lewis and Clark descendants and family members, along with representatives of St. Louis Lodge #1, past presidents of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, and the <a href="Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a>, carried wreaths and led a formal procession to Lewis's grave. Samples of plants that Lewis discovered on the expedition were brought from the Trail states and laid on his grave. The <a href="101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne</a> Infantry Band and its Army chaplain represented the U.S. Army. The National Park Service announced that it would rehabilitate the site.<sup id="cite_ref-We_Proceeded_On_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-We_Proceeded_On-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>For many years, Lewis's legacy was overlooked, inaccurately assessed, and somewhat tarnished by his alleged suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet his contributions to science, the exploration of the Western U.S., and the lore of great world explorers, are considered incalculable.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Four years after Lewis's death, <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> wrote:

</p>

<blockquote><p>"Of courage undaunted, possessing a firmness & perseverance of purpose which nothing but impossibilities could divert from its direction, careful as a father of those committed to his charge, yet steady in the maintenance of order & discipline, intimate with the Indian character, customs & principles, habituated to the hunting life, guarded by exact observation of the vegetables & animals of his own country, against losing time in the description of objects already possessed, honest, disinterested, liberal, of sound understanding and a fidelity to truth so scrupulous that whatever he should report would be as certain as if seen by ourselves, with all these qualifications as if selected and implanted by nature in one body, for this express purpose, I could have no hesitation in confiding the enterprise to him.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Jefferson wrote that Lewis had a "luminous and discriminating intellect". William Clark's first son <a href="Meriwether_Lewis_Clark%2C_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr.">Meriwether Lewis Clark</a> was named after Lewis; the senior Meriwether Clark passed the name on to his son, <a href="Meriwether_Lewis_Clark%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr.">Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr.</a>

</p>

<p>Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant (de facto co-captain and posthumously, officially promoted to captain in advance of the bicentennial) William Clark commanded the <a href="Lewis_and_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark">Corps of Discovery</a> to map the course of the Missouri River to its source and the Pacific Northwest overland and water routes to and from the mouth of the Columbia River. They were honored with a 3-cent stamp on July 24, 1954, on the 150th anniversary. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States. Lewis and Clark described and sketched its flora and fauna and described the native inhabitants they encountered before returning to St. Louis in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coins">Coins</h3></div>

<p>Both Lewis and Clark appear on the gold <a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Exposition_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar">Lewis and Clark Exposition dollars</a> minted for the <a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Centennial_Exposition" title="Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition">Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition</a>. Among the <a href="Early_United_States_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Early United States commemorative coins">early United States commemorative coins</a>, they were produced in 1904 and 1905 and survived in relatively small numbers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h3></div>

<p>The Lewis and Clark Expedition was celebrated on May 14, 2004, the 200th anniversary of its outset, by depicting the two on a hilltop outlook: two companion 37-cent <a href="USPS" class="mw-redirect" title="USPS">USPS</a> stamps showed portraits of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. A special 32-page booklet accompanied the issue in eleven cities along the route taken by the Corps of Discovery. An image of the stamp can be found on Arago online at the link in the footnote.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div>

<p>The plant genus <i><a href="Lewisia" title="Lewisia">Lewisia</a></i> (family <a href="Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a>), popular in <a href="Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock gardens</a> and which includes the bitterroot (<i><a href="Lewisia_rediviva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewisia rediviva">Lewisia rediviva</a></i>), the state flower of Montana, is named after Lewis, as is <a href="Lewis's_woodpecker" title="Lewis's woodpecker">Lewis's woodpecker</a> (<i>Melanerpes lewis</i>) and a subspecies of the <a href="Cutthroat_trout" title="Cutthroat trout">cutthroat trout</a>, the <a href="Westslope_cutthroat_trout" title="Westslope cutthroat trout">westslope cutthroat trout</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi</i>). Also named after him in 1999, is <i><a href="Lewisiopsis" title="Lewisiopsis">Lewisiopsis tweedyi</a></i> which is a flowering plant and sole species in genus <i>Lewisiopsis</i> (in the family <a href="Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In 2004, the American elm cultivar <a href="Ulmus_americana_'Lewis_%26_Clark'" title="Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark'"><i>Ulmus americana</i> 'Lewis & Clark'</a> (selling name <span class="trade_designation" style="font-variant:small-caps; margin-left: 0.05em;">Prairie Expedition</span>) was released by <a href="North_Dakota_State_University" title="North Dakota State University">North Dakota State University</a> Research Foundation in commemoration of the Lewis & Clark expedition's bicentenary;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tree has a resistance to <a href="Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a>.

</p>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_names">Geographic names</h3></div>

<p>Geographic names that honor him include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Lewis_County%2C_Kentucky" title="Lewis County, Kentucky">Lewis County, Kentucky</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_County%2C_Tennessee" title="Lewis County, Tennessee">Lewis County, Tennessee</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_County%2C_Missouri" title="Lewis County, Missouri">Lewis County, Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_County%2C_Idaho" title="Lewis County, Idaho">Lewis County, Idaho</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_County%2C_Washington" title="Lewis County, Washington">Lewis County, Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewisburg%2C_Tennessee" title="Lewisburg, Tennessee">Lewisburg, Tennessee</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewiston%2C_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston, Idaho</a></li>

<li>The U.S. Army fort <a href="Fort_Lewis_(Washington)" title="Fort Lewis (Washington)">Fort Lewis</a>, <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, the home of the US Army 1st Corps (I Corps)</li>

<li><a href="Lewis_and_Clark_County%2C_Montana" title="Lewis and Clark County, Montana">Lewis and Clark County, Montana</a>, the home of the capital city, <a href="Helena%2C_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Pass_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark Pass (Montana)">Lewis and Clark Pass (Montana)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_and_Clark_National_Forest" title="Lewis and Clark National Forest">Lewis and Clark National Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewistown%2C_Montana" title="Lewistown, Montana">Lewistown, Montana</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Lewis_Range" title="Lewis Range">Lewis Range</a> of Montana's <a href="Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a></li>

<li>Lewis Avenue in <a href="Billings%2C_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings, Montana</a></li>

<li><a href="Gates_of_the_Mountains_Wilderness" title="Gates of the Mountains Wilderness">Gates of the Mountains Wilderness</a>, a day-use campground north of Helena, Montana's Meriwether Picnic site</li>

<li><a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Caverns" title="Lewis and Clark Caverns">Lewis and Clark Caverns</a>, a cave between Three Forks and Whitehall, Montana</li>

<li><a href="Seaside%2C_Oregon" title="Seaside, Oregon">Seaside, Oregon</a> has numerous landmarks, museums, and a "Lewis and Clark Avenue" devoted to both of the explorers. This small city is also known as the end of their journey to the Pacific Coast.</li></ul>

<p><a href="Fort_Clatsop" title="Fort Clatsop">Fort Clatsop</a> was the encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the Oregon Country near the mouth of the Columbia River during the winter of 1805–1806. Located along the Lewis and Clark River at the north end of the Clatsop Plains approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Astoria, the fort was the last encampment of the Corps of Discovery, before embarking on their return trip east to St. Louis.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Lewis_and_Clark_State_Park_(North_Dakota)" title="Lewis and Clark State Park (North Dakota)">Lewis and Clark State Park</a>, a state park located in <a href="Williams_County%2C_North_Dakota" title="Williams County, North Dakota">Williams County, North Dakota</a> near <a href="Williston%2C_North_Dakota" title="Williston, North Dakota">Williston</a> which is a part of the <a href="North_Dakota_Parks_and_Recreation_Department" title="North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department">North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department</a> system.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vessels">Vessels</h3></div>

<p>Three <a href="United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> vessels have been named in honor of Lewis: the <a href="Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> <a href="SS_Meriwether_Lewis" title="SS Meriwether Lewis">SS <i>Meriwether Lewis</i></a>, the Polaris armed <a href="Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a> <a href="USS_Lewis_and_Clark_(SSBN-644)" title="USS Lewis and Clark (SSBN-644)">USS <i>Lewis and Clark</i></a> and the supply ship <a href="USNS_Lewis_and_Clark_(T-AKE-1)" class="mw-redirect" title="USNS Lewis and Clark (T-AKE-1)">USNS <i>Lewis and Clark</i></a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_institutions">Academic institutions</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Lewis_%26_Clark_College" title="Lewis & Clark College">Lewis & Clark College</a>, Portland, Oregon</li>

<li><a href="Lewis-Clark_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis-Clark State College">Lewis-Clark State College</a>, Lewiston, Idaho</li>

<li><a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Community_College" title="Lewis and Clark Community College">Lewis and Clark Community College</a>, Godfrey, Illinois. The campus lies about 11 miles upstream from the Corps of Discovery's departure point.</li>

<li>Lewis & Clark High School, Spokane, Washington</li>

<li>Meriwether Lewis Elementary School, <a href="Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle County, Virginia</a> was named for Meriwether Lewis, who was born nearby. The school board voted to rename the school in early 2023, despite 85% of community members voting to retain the name.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Meriwether Lewis Elementary School, Portland, Oregon</li>

<li>Lewis and Clark Elementary School, Missoula, Montana<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3></div>

<ul><li>Meriwether Lewis's relationship with <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>; Lewis's multiple expeditions, journals, and discoveries; and details surrounding Lewis's death play major roles in <a href="James_Rollins" title="James Rollins">James Rollins</a>' seventh <a href="Sigma_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Force">Sigma Force</a> novel, <i>The Devil Colony</i>.</li>

<li>The mystery surrounding Meriwether Lewis's death played a role in the 2016 book, <i><a href="The_Secret_History_of_Twin_Peaks" title="The Secret History of Twin Peaks">The Secret History of Twin Peaks</a></i>, by author <a href="Mark_Frost" title="Mark Frost">Mark Frost</a> and in the 1998 novel by Malcolm Shuman, <i>The Meriwether Murder</i>.</li>

<li>In 2013, on the "<a href="Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>" episode of the <a href="Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a> series <i><a href="Drunk_History" title="Drunk History">Drunk History</a></i>, <a href="Alie_Ward" title="Alie Ward">Alie Ward</a> and <a href="Georgia_Hardstark" title="Georgia Hardstark">Georgia Hardstark</a> retold the story of Lewis and Clark's expedition and Lewis's death, with <a href="Tony_Hale" title="Tony Hale">Tony Hale</a> portraying Lewis and <a href="Taran_Killam" title="Taran Killam">Taran Killam</a> as Clark.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 2015, <a href="Link_Neal" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Neal">Link Neal</a> alongside long-time collaborator <a href="Rhett_McLaughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhett McLaughlin">Rhett McLaughlin</a>, portrayed Meriwether Lewis and <a href="William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a> respectively in the popular web series <i><a href="Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History" title="Epic Rap Battles of History">Epic Rap Battles of History</a></i> as part of the Season 4 episode "Lewis and Clark vs Bill and Ted".</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halls_of_fame">Halls of fame</h3></div>

<p>In 1965, he was inducted into the <a href="Hall_of_Great_Westerners" title="Hall of Great Westerners">Hall of Great Westerners</a> of the <a href="National_Cowboy_%26_Western_Heritage_Museum" title="National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum">National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Lewis_Arquette" title="Lewis Arquette">Arquette acting family</a> claims to be descended from Meriwether Lewis.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meriwether Lewis never married or had any children, but he has numerous collateral descendants via his siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2004 there were around 774 documented collateral descendants of Lewis.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_unsolved_deaths" title="List of unsolved deaths">List of unsolved deaths</a></li>

<li><a href="Seaman_(dog)" title="Seaman (dog)">Seaman (dog)</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition">Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz, Harry W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFFHn18Z7ywC&pg=PA59"><i>The Lewis and Clark Expedition</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-313-31661-9</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFenelonDefender-Wilson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Fenelon, James V.; <a href="Mary_Louise_Defender_Wilson" title="Mary Louise Defender Wilson">Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise</a> (August 24, 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1409488">"Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition"</a></span>. <i><a href="W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo_%C5%A0a_Review" title="Wíčazo Ša Review">Wíčazo Ša Review</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>104. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwic.2004.0006">10.1353/wic.2004.0006</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409488">1409488</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147041160">147041160</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert J. (2008). <i>Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny</i>. <a href="Bison_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison Books">Bison Books</a>. p. 108. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780803215986</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheraldry.org/heraldry-in-the-usa/arms-of-famous-americans/other-historic-figures/category/explorers-of-america-and-american-explorers">American Heraldry Society - Arms of Famous Americans</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meriwether-Lewis">"Meriwether Lewis | American explorer | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPrats" class="citation web cs1">Prats, J.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109100123/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=1795">"Lt. William Lewis"</a>. The Historical Marker Database. J.J. Prats. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=1795">the original</a> on November 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZontine2009" class="citation web cs1">Zontine, Patricia (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009100417/http://www.monticello.org/library/exhibits/lucymarks/lucymarks/bios/ltwilliamlewis.html">"Lt. William Lewis"</a>. Monticello. org. Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monticello.org/library/exhibits/lucymarks/lucymarks/bios/ltwilliamlewis.html">the original</a> on October 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZontine2009" class="citation web cs1">Zontine, Patricia L. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/sites/library/exhibits/lucymarks/lucymarks/lucy.html">"Lucy Meriwether Lewis Marks (1752–1837): Her Life and Her World"</a>. <i>Monticello.org</i>. Thomas Jefferson Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mont-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mont_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mont_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monticello.org/library/exhibits/lucymarks/lucymarks/bios/ltwilliamlewis.html">"Lt. William Lewis"</a>. <i>Monticello.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009100417/http://www.monticello.org/library/exhibits/lucymarks/lucymarks/bios/ltwilliamlewis.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1951" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Lottie Wright (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/recordsoflewisme00davi"><i>Records of Lewis, Meriwether and kindred families; genealogical records of Minor, Davis, Wells, Gilmer, and Clark families</i></a>. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. [Columbia, Mo.], [Artcraft Press].</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/lewisandclark/students/projects/homesteads/genealogy/meriwethers.html">"Anchored in the East: Genealogy: Meriwethers"</a>. <i>www2.vcdh.virginia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nps-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013120351/http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/LewisClark2/CorpsOfDiscovery/TheLeaders/Lewis/Lewis.htm">"Corps of Discovery > The Leaders > Meriwether Lewis"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/LewisClark2/CorpsOfDiscovery/TheLeaders/Lewis/Lewis.htm">the original</a> on October 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ambrose-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, Stephen (1996). <i>Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West</i>, Simon & Schuster. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-684-81107-3</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Meriwether+Lewis&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1996" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). <i>Undaunted courage : Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the opening of the American West</i>. New York. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>99. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780684811079</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-books.google.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elin Woodger, Brandon Toropov (2004). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8vYA0zDFy_IC&pg=PA150">Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></i>". Infobase Publishing. p. 150. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8160-4781-2</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny</i> Robert Miller, Bison Books, 2008 p. 108</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-autogenerated32-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated32_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Way to the Western Sea</i>, David Lavender, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pp. 32, 90.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Clark_Expedition_2004,_pg_60-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_Expedition_2004,_pg_60_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Lewis and Clark Expedition</i>, Harry Fritz, Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 60</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-The_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFritz2004" class="citation book cs1">Fritz, Harry W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkexpedi00frit/page/113"><i>The Lewis and Clark Expedition</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkexpedi00frit/page/113">113</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-313-31661-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cz4ts0fCDssC&q=sovereignty"><i>Lewis and Clark among the Indians, James Ronda</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. January 1, 2002. p. 9. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8032-8990-1</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2011</span> – via Google Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010309182052/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lewis.htm">"The West > People > Meriwether Lewis"</a>. <a href="PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lewis.htm">the original</a> on March 9, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statement of Gilbert C. Russell, November 26, 111, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783–1854, ed. Donald Jackson (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1962) This statement appears to be a deposition written during one of the <a href="Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts-martial</a> for General James Wilkinson.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDenslow1957" class="citation web cs1">Denslow, William R. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10%2C000_famous_freemasons/Volume_3_K_to_P.htm">"10,000 Famous Freemasons"</a>. Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615130323/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10%2C000_famous_freemasons/Volume_3_K_to_P.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLibert2003" class="citation web cs1">Libert, Laura (May 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030611022946/http://pagrandlodge.org/freemason/0503/tot.html">"Pa Freemason May 03 – Treasures of the Temple: Brothers Lewis and Clark"</a>. PaGrandLodge.org. The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagrandlodge.org/freemason/0503/tot.html">the original</a> on June 11, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://franceshunter.wordpress.com/2011/12/12/meriwether-lewis-as-slaveowner/">"Meriwether Lewis as Slaveowner | Frances Hunter's American Heroes Blog"</a>. Franceshunter.wordpress.com. December 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Willie_Blount" title="Willie Blount">Willie Blount</a>, <i>Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, 1796–1821</i>, ed. R.H. White, vol. 1 (Nashville: <a href="Tennessee_Historical_Commission" title="Tennessee Historical Commission">Tennessee Historical Commission</a>, 1952) p. 349. In 1811, Governor Blount requested additional funds from law enforcement for the Natchez Trace because of the frequent robberies.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolmberg1992" class="citation journal cs1">Holmberg, James J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewisandclark.org/LCTHF_Publications/1992_files/WPO1992NovComplete.pdf">"I Wish You to See & Know All: The Recently Discovered Letters of William Clark to Jonathon Clark"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>We Proceeded On</i>. <b>18</b> (4). Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation: 11. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-6706">0275-6706</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Democratic Clarion</i> October 20, 1809, microfilm, <a href="Tennessee_State_Library_and_Archives" title="Tennessee State Library and Archives">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuice200635-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuice200635_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuice2006">Guice 2006</a>, p. 35.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was referred to in court minutes in the early 1900s, Maury County, Tennessee County Court Minutes, Minute Book Q, p. 538, Maury County, Tennessee Archives. Grinder's Stand was in Maury County, Tennessee, at the time of Lewis's death, and from the early 1830s to 1843, Lewis's grave was the landmark establishing the county's southwest corner.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuice200688-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuice200688_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuice2006">Guice 2006</a>, p. 88.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuice2006129-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuice2006129_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuice2006">Guice 2006</a>, p. 129.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1814" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, M. (1814). <i>History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark</i>. Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11603043">11603043</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEsterel2010" class="citation news cs1">Esterel, Mike (September 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703384204575509582853734648.html">"Meriwether Lewis's Final Journey Remains a Mystery"</a>. <i><a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. Hohenwald, Tennessee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927211548/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703384204575509582853734648.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutright1986-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutright1986_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutright1986_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCutright1986">Cutright 1986</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2014247-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2014247_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStark2014">Stark 2014</a>, p. 247.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/presentations/ap_transcripts/mwlewis">A New Perspective on the Death of Meriwether Lewis transcript</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Life and Letters of Alexander Wilson</i>, Clark Hunter, (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1983) 358–367.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Report of the Lewis Monumental Commission" <i>Messages of the Governors of Tennessee</i>, 1845–1847, ed. R.H. White, vol. 4 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission 1952), 383–387.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Killebrew, <i>Resources of Tennessee</i> (1874).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Everybody's Magazine, John Swain, September 1905.</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823102023/http://news.tennesseeanytime.org/node/2414">"First National Memorial Service for Meriwether Lewis – Commemorates 200th Anniversary of Lewis's Death"</a>. <i>TennesseeAnytime.org</i>. Tennessee News and Information. August 20, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tennesseeanytime.org/node/2414">the original</a> on August 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-We_Proceeded_On-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-We_Proceeded_On_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-We_Proceeded_On_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"We Proceeded On", Journal of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Vol. 36, No. 1, February 2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, <i>Letters,</i> Vol II, p. 493</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piazza, Daniel,"Lewis & Clark Expedition Issue", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum. Viewed March 22, 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bicentennial Lewis & Clark Expedition Issue", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed April 28, 2014. An image of the stamp can be seen at Arago.si.edu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=172055&img=1&pg=1">37c Lewis and Clark on Hill stamp</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=460459">"<i>Lewisiopsis tweedyi</i> (A. Gray) Govaerts GRIN-Global"</a>. <i>npgsweb.ars-grin.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNyffelerEggliOgburnEdwards2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nyffeler, R; Eggli, U; Ogburn, RM; Edwards, EJ (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Edwards_Lab/reprints/nyffeler_etal_hasel08.pdf">"Variations on a theme: repeated evolution of succulent life forms in the Portulacineae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Haseltonia</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">26–</span>36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2985%2F1070-0048-14.1.26">10.2985/1070-0048-14.1.26</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85776997">85776997</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=437881">"Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark' PRAIRIE EXPEDITION"</a>. <i>Plant Finder</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/search?q=author%20std%3ALewis"><i>Lewis</i></a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyprogress.com/eedition/page-a01/page_3df33e9c-ff78-5526-8377-cdbceb2955fe.html">"Meriwether Lewis Elementary Renamed"</a>. Chatlottesville, Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcpsmt.org/domain/1837">"History of Lewis and Clark Elementary School"</a>. <i>www.mcpsmt.org</i>. Missoula, Montana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comedycentral.com/video-clips/lh1ta6/drunk-history-the-scopes-monkey-trial">"Comedy Central: Drunk History: Clip"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/">"Hall of Great Westerners"</a>. <i>National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-13-me-24843-story.html">"Lewis Arquette Obituary"</a>. <i><a href="Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. July 10, 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601041932/http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/15769/Medium_Cool/">"'Medium' Cool"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/15769/Medium_Cool">the original</a> on June 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/89814">"Descendants of Meriwether Lewis Launch 'Solve the Mystery' Web Site | History News Network"</a>. <i>historynewsnetwork.org</i>. June 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3077140">"Families trace Lewis and Clark links"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. May 12, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://products.kitsapsun.com/archive/2004/03-22/430354_genealogist_tracks_down_lewis_a.html">"Genealogist tracks down Lewis and Clark descendants"</a>. <i>products.kitsapsun.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lewis,_Meriwether" class="extiw external" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lewis, Meriwether">Lewis, Meriwether</a>". <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCutright1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cutright, P. R. (March 1986). "Rest, Rest, Perturbed Spirit". <i>We Proceeded On</i>. <b>12</b> (1). Portland: Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>17. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-6706">0275-6706</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDanisiJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Danisi, T. C.; Jackson, J. C. (2009). <i>Meriwether Lewis</i>. New York: <a href="Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781591027027</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1996" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undauntedcourag000ambr"><i>Undaunted Courage</i></a>. New York: <a href="Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780684811079</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGuice2006" class="citation book cs1">Guice, J. D. W., ed. (2006). <i>By His Own Hand?: The Mysterious Death of Meriwether Lewis</i>. Norman: <a href="OU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="OU Press">OU Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780806137803</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFisher1962" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, V. (1962). <i>Suicide or Murder?: The Strange Death of Governor Meriwether Lewis</i>. Denver: A. Swallow. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780804006163</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStark2014" class="citation book cs1">Stark, P. (2014). <i>Astoria: John Jacob Astor and Thomas Jefferson's Lost Pacific Empire</i>. New York: Harper Collins. p. 247. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780062218292</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThwaites1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Reuben_Gold_Thwaites" title="Reuben Gold Thwaites">Thwaites, R. G.</a>, ed. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originaljournals12lewi"><i>Original Journals of Lewis and Clark</i></a>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70430802">70430802</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAbrams1978" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Rochonne (July 1978). "The Colonial Childhood of Meriwether Lewis". <i>Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society</i>. <b>34</b>: <span class="nowrap">218–</span>227.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAbrams1979" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Rochonne (October 1979). "Meriwether Lewis: Two Years with Jefferson, the Mentor". <i>Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>18.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAbrams1980" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Rochonne (July 1980). "Meriwether Lewis: The Logistical Imagination". <i>Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">228–</span>240.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStroud2018" class="citation book cs1">Stroud, Patricia Tyson (2018). <i>Bitterroot: The Life and Death of Meriwether Lewis</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780812249842</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/lecl/learn/historyculture/meriwether-lewis.htm">Meriwether Lewis at nps.gov</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307212650/http://www.history.com/topics/meriwether-lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> on <a href="The_History_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The History Channel">The History Channel</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?163696-1/writings-lewis-clark">"Writings of Lewis and Clark"</a> from <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="American_Writers%3A_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></i></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2733">Works by Meriwether Lewis</a> at <a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Meriwether%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Meriwether%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Meriwether%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Meriwether%20Lewis%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Meriwether%20Lewis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Meriwether%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Meriwether%20Lewis%22%29%20OR%20%28%221774-1809%22%20AND%20Lewis%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Meriwether Lewis</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1383">Works by Meriwether Lewis</a> at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></li>

<li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.clark" class="extiw external" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.clark">Lewis and Clark Expedition Maps and Receipt</a>. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="American_frontier480" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1776 to 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li>

<li><a href="Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li>

<li><a href="Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li>

<li><a href="Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li>

<li><a href="Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li>

<li><a href="Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li>

<li><a href="Kickapoo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li>

<li><a href="Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li>

<li><a href="Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li>

<li><a href="Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe (Chippewa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li>

<li><a href="Pend_d'Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li>

<li><a href="Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li>

<li><a href="Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li>

<li><a href="Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li>

<li><a href="Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li>

<li><a href="Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li>

<li><a href="Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li>

<li><a href="Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li>

<li><a href="Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li>

<li><a href="Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li>

<li><a href="Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li>

<li><a href="Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li>

<li><a href="Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li>

<li><a href="Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li>

<li><a href="Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Ganundalegi</a></li>

<li><a href="Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li>

<li><a href="Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li>

<li><a href="Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li>

<li><a href="Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li>

<li><a href="Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li>

<li><a href="Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li>

<li><a href="Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li>

<li><a href="Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers<br>and <a href="American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antonio_Armijo" title="Antonio Armijo">Antonio Armijo</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li>

<li><a href="Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</a></li>

<li><a href="John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li>

<li><a href="William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li>

<li><a href="Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li>

<li><a href="Raphael_Rivera" title="Raphael Rivera">Raphael Rivera</a></li>

<li><a href="Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li>

<li><a href="Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li>

<li><a href="Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li>

<li><a href="Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li>

<li><a href="Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li>

<li><a href="Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li>

<li><a href="Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li>

<li><a href="Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li>

<li><a href="Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li>

<li><a href="Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li>

<li><a href="Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li>

<li><a href="Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li>

<li><a href="Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li>

<li><a href="Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiburcio_V%C3%A1squez" title="Tiburcio Vásquez">Tiburcio Vásquez</a></li>

<li><a href="James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers<br>and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li>

<li><a href="Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li>

<li><a href="Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li>

<li><a href="James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li>

<li><a href="Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li>

<li><a href="Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li>

<li><a href="Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li>

<li><a href="Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li>

<li><a href="William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li>

<li><a href="George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li>

<li><a href="Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li>

<li><a href="Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li>

<li><a href="Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li>

<li><a href="Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li>

<li><a href="Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li>

<li><a href="Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li>

<li><a href="Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteading</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li>

<li><a href="One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li>

<li><a href="Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport<br>and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li>

<li><a href="Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li>

<li><a href="First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li>

<li><a href="Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Tom's_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Lost_Dutchman's_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Montezuma's_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li>

<li><a href="California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li>

<li><a href="Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li>

<li><a href="Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li>

<li><a href="Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li>

<li><a href="Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a><br>and <a href="Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li>

<li><a href="Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li>

<li><a href="Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Mexican_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a>

<ul><li><a href="New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li>

<li><a href="Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li>

<li><a href="Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anchorage%2C_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li>

<li><a href="Iditarod%2C_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li>

<li><a href="Seward%2C_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li>

<li><a href="Skagway%2C_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canyon_Diablo%2C_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Grant%2C_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li>

<li><a href="Prescott%2C_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenix%2C_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li>

<li><a href="Tombstone%2C_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Tucson%2C_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li>

<li><a href="Window_Rock%2C_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bakersfield%2C_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Fresno%2C_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamestown%2C_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li>

<li><a href="Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacramento%2C_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Creede%2C_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li>

<li><a href="Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li>

<li><a href="Telluride%2C_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinidad%2C_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bismarck%2C_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadwood%2C_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Fargo%2C_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Yates%2C_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li>

<li><a href="Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_City%2C_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li>

<li><a href="Yankton%2C_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angola%2C_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li>

<li><a href="Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Pensacola%2C_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li>

<li><a href="Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_St._Augustine%2C_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Tallahassee%2C_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abilene%2C_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li>

<li><a href="Dodge_City%2C_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li>

<li><a href="Ellsworth%2C_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Leavenworth%2C_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Wichita%2C_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Independence%2C_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Kansas_City%2C_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li>

<li><a href="St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Billings%2C_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li>

<li><a href="Bozeman%2C_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li>

<li><a href="Deer_Lodge%2C_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Benton%2C_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li>

<li><a href="Helena%2C_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li>

<li><a href="Livingston%2C_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li>

<li><a href="Missoula%2C_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_City%2C_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chadron%2C_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebraska_City%2C_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogallala%2C_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li>

<li><a href="Omaha%2C_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentine%2C_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Whiteclay%2C_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carson_City%2C_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_City%2C_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alamogordo%2C_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li>

<li><a href="Albuquerque%2C_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li>

<li><a href="Cimarron%2C_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Sumner%2C_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallup%2C_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li>

<li><a href="Las_Vegas%2C_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li>

<li><a href="Lincoln%2C_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesilla%2C_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Mogollon%2C_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li>

<li><a href="Roswell%2C_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Fe%2C_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li>

<li><a href="Tucumcari%2C_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a><br>and <a href="Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broken_Arrow%2C_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li>

<li><a href="Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li>

<li><a href="Okmulgee%2C_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawhuska%2C_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li>

<li><a href="Tahlequah%2C_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li>

<li><a href="Tishomingo%2C_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuskahoma%2C_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Wewoka%2C_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astoria%2C_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Dalles%2C_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Grande%2C_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li>

<li><a href="McMinnville%2C_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li>

<li><a href="Oregon_City%2C_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li>

<li><a href="Portland%2C_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li>

<li><a href="Salem%2C_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Austin%2C_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li>

<li><a href="Abilene%2C_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Worth%2C_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonzales%2C_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li>

<li><a href="Kilgore%2C_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore</a></li>

<li><a href="Lubbock%2C_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Everett%2C_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li>

<li><a href="Port_Townsend%2C_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li>

<li><a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li>

<li><a href="Vancouver%2C_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Missouri275" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Governors_of_Missouri275" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_governors_of_Missouri" title="List of governors of Missouri">Governors of Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Territorial <br> <span class="nobold">(1805–1820)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Howard_(Missouri_politician)" title="Benjamin Howard (Missouri politician)">Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Clark" title="William Clark">Clark</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State <br> <span class="nobold">(since 1820)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_McNair" title="Alexander McNair">McNair</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Bates_(politician)" title="Frederick Bates (politician)">Bates</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_J._Williams" title="Abraham J. Williams">Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Miller_(Missouri_politician)" title="John Miller (Missouri politician)">Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Dunklin" title="Daniel Dunklin">Dunklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lilburn_Boggs" title="Lilburn Boggs">Boggs</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Reynolds_(governor)" title="Thomas Reynolds (governor)">Reynolds</a></li>

<li><a href="Meredith_Miles_Marmaduke" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith Miles Marmaduke">M. Marmaduke</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Cummins_Edwards" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cummins Edwards">Edwards</a></li>

<li><a href="Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li>

<li><a href="Hancock_Lee_Jackson" title="Hancock Lee Jackson">H. Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Marcellus_Stewart" title="Robert Marcellus Stewart">Stewart</a></li>

<li><a href="Claiborne_Fox_Jackson" title="Claiborne Fox Jackson">C. Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamilton_Rowan_Gamble" title="Hamilton Rowan Gamble">Gamble</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Clement_Fletcher" title="Thomas Clement Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_W._McClurg" title="Joseph W. McClurg">McClurg</a></li>

<li><a href="B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Silas_Woodson" title="Silas Woodson">Woodson</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Henry_Hardin" title="Charles Henry Hardin">Hardin</a></li>

<li><a href="John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Theodore_Crittenden" title="Thomas Theodore Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li>

<li><a href="John_S._Marmaduke" title="John S. Marmaduke">J. Marmaduke</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_P._Morehouse" title="Albert P. Morehouse">Morehouse</a></li>

<li><a href="David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">Francis</a></li>

<li><a href="William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Vest_Stephens" title="Lawrence Vest Stephens">Stephens</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Monroe_Dockery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Monroe Dockery">Dockery</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_S._Hadley" title="Herbert S. Hadley">Hadley</a></li>

<li><a href="Elliott_Woolfolk_Major" title="Elliott Woolfolk Major">Major</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_D._Gardner" title="Frederick D. Gardner">Gardner</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Aaron_Baker" title="Sam Aaron Baker">Baker</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_S._Caulfield" title="Henry S. Caulfield">Caulfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Lloyd_C._Stark" title="Lloyd C. Stark">Stark</a></li>

<li><a href="Forrest_C._Donnell" title="Forrest C. Donnell">Donnell</a></li>

<li><a href="Phil_M._Donnelly" title="Phil M. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Forrest_Smith" title="Forrest Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Phil_M._Donnelly" title="Phil M. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li>

<li><a href="James_T._Blair_Jr." title="James T. Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li>

<li><a href="John_M._Dalton" title="John M. Dalton">Dalton</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_E._Hearnes" title="Warren E. Hearnes">Hearnes</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_P._Teasdale" title="Joseph P. Teasdale">Teasdale</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li>

<li><a href="Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Carnahan</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_B._Wilson" title="Roger B. Wilson">Wilson</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Holden" title="Bob Holden">Holden</a></li>

<li><a href="Matt_Blunt" title="Matt Blunt">Blunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Jay_Nixon" title="Jay Nixon">Nixon</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Greitens" title="Eric Greitens">Greitens</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Parson" title="Mike Parson">Parson</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Kehoe" title="Mike Kehoe">Kehoe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3800" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109089249">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64071776">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/40065">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMprvr6KcYBfD8rgt3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118727982">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084458">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123021628">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123021628">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lewis, Meriwether <1774-1809>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV126323">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35303693">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup20030000057435&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1342857">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070669376">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90602379">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000735587&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000038750&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000284634&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000080902">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw030w31wgkmhh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568876105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/304027">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264414205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14820569">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02062803?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Lewis">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/13a4beb0-b667-4f56-89c7-cf662180331e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/904452">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118727982">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027303152">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583020">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18539931">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b56hc2">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/1744f58a-e5c8-4bfe-903c-10073b72685d">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Meriwether_Lewis&oldid=1303792192">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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